Integrated circuit micro-module

ABSTRACT

Various apparatuses and methods for forming integrated circuit packages are described. One aspect of the invention pertains to a method for forming a microsystem and one or more passive devices in the microsystem. Layers of epoxy are sequentially deposited over a substrate to form multiple planarized layers of epoxy over the substrate. The epoxy layers are deposited by spin coating. At least some of the epoxy layers are photolithographically patterned after they are deposited and before the next epoxy layer is deposited. An integrated circuit having multiple I/O bond pads is placed on an associated epoxy layer. At least one conductive interconnect layer is formed over an associated epoxy layer. A passive component is formed within at least one of the epoxy layers. The passive component is electrically coupled with the integrated circuit via at least one of the interconnect layers. Multiple external package contacts are formed. The integrated circuit is electrically connected to the external package contacts at least partly through one or more of the conductive interconnect layers. Various embodiments pertain to apparatuses that are formed by performing some or all of the aforementioned operations.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-in-Part of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/390,349, entitled “Integrated Circuit Micro-Module,” filed Feb. 20, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to the packaging of integrated circuits (ICs). More particularly, the present invention relates to integrated circuit micro-modules.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are a number of conventional processes for packaging integrated circuit (IC) dice. Some packaging techniques contemplate the creation of electronic modules that incorporate multiple electronic devices (e.g. integrated circuits, passive components such as inductors, capacitor, resisters or ferromagnetic materials, etc.) into a single package. Packages that incorporate more than one integrated circuit die are often referred to as multi-chip modules. Some multi-chip modules include a substrate or interposer that supports various components, while others utilize a lead frame, die or other structure to support various other package components.

A few multi-chip module packaging techniques have sought to integrate multiple interconnect layers into the package using, for example, laminated films or multiple stacked chip carriers. While existing arrangements and methods for packaging electronic modules work well, there are continuing efforts to develop improved packaging techniques that provide cost effective approaches for meeting the needs of a variety of different packaging applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various apparatuses and methods for forming integrated circuit packages are described. One aspect of the invention pertains to a method for forming a microsystem and one or more passive devices in the microsystem. Layers of epoxy are sequentially deposited over a substrate to form multiple planarized layers of epoxy over the substrate. The epoxy layers are deposited by spin coating. At least some of the epoxy layers are photolithographically patterned after they are deposited and before the next epoxy layer is deposited. An integrated circuit having multiple I/O bond pads is placed on an associated epoxy layer. At least one conductive interconnect layer is formed over an associated epoxy layer. A passive component is formed within at least one of the epoxy layers. The passive component is electrically coupled with the integrated circuit via at least one of the interconnect layers. Multiple external package contacts are formed. The integrated circuit is electrically connected to the external package contacts at least partly through one or more of the conductive interconnect layers. The above operations can be performed on a wafer level to form multiple microsystems substantially concurrently.

One or more passive components can be positioned in a wide variety of locations within a microsystem. Passive components can be formed to serve various purposes. For example, the passive component may be a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, a magnetic core, a MEMS device, a sensor, a photovoltaic cell or any other suitable device.

Various techniques can be employed to form passive devices. For example, each passive component can be formed substantially concurrently with other portions of the microsystem, such as another passive component and/or one or more of the interconnect layers. In some embodiments, thin film resistors may be formed by sputtering a metal over an epoxy layer. Inductor windings may be formed by sputtering or electroplating metal layers over at least one of the epoxy layers. Capacitors may be formed by sandwiching a thin dielectric layer between metal plates deposited over epoxy layers. Magnetic cores for inductors or sensors may be formed by sputtering or electroplating ferromagnetic material over an epoxy layer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention and the advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a package containing multiple integrated circuits and interconnect layers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a process flow diagram illustrating a wafer level process for packaging integrated circuits in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 3A-3L illustrate diagrammatic cross-sectional views of selected steps in the process of FIG. 2.

FIGS. 4A-4E illustrate diagrammatic cross-sectional views of packages in accordance with various alternative embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 5A-5H illustrate selected steps in a wafer level process for packaging integrated circuits in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate selected steps in a wafer level process for packaging integrated circuits in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate selected steps in a wafer level process for packaging integrated circuits in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention.

In the drawings, like reference numerals are sometimes used to designate like structural elements. It should also be appreciated that the depictions in the figures are diagrammatic and not to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

In one aspect, the present invention relates generally to integrated circuit (IC) packages and more specifically to IC micro-module technology. The present invention involves a micro-module made of multiple layers of a dielectric that is preferably photo-imageable and readily planarized. The micro-module may contain a variety of components including one or more integrated circuits, interconnect layers, heat sinks, conductive vias, passive devices, MEMS devices, sensors, thermal pipes etc. The various components can be arranged and stacked within the micro-module in a wide variety of different ways. The layers and components of the micro-module can be deposited and processed using various conventional wafer level processing techniques, such as spin coating, lithography and/or electroplating. Another aspect of the present invention relates to wafer level manufacturing techniques and structures that integrate multiple active and/or passive components into a single, cost-effective, high-performance package.

FIG. 1 illustrates a package according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, a multi-tiered package 100 includes a substrate 102, a heat sink 104, a plurality of stacked dielectric layers 106, integrated circuits 114, passive components (not shown), interconnect layers 122, vias 125 and external contact pads 120. The heat sink 104 is formed over the substrate 102 and the dielectric layers 106 are stacked on top of the heat sink. Interconnect layers are interspersed as needed between adjacent dielectric layers 106. The integrated circuits are embedded within stacked layers of an dielectric 106, and may be electrically connected to other components (e.g., other ICs, passive components, external contact pads 120, etc. by appropriate traces in the interconnect layers 122 and vias 125. In the illustrated embodiment, one of the integrated circuits (114 a) is effectively mounted on the heat sink 104 to provide good heat dissipation.

The dielectric layers 106 may be made from any suitable dielectric material. In various preferred embodiments, the dielectric layers 106 are made from a material that is readily planarized and/or photo-imageable. In a particular preferred embodiment, the layers are made from photo-imageable SU-8 (a planarizing epoxy), although other suitable materials may be used as well. In some designs the dielectric used for layers 106 is highly viscous when initially applied, and is subsequently partially or fully cured during a photolithographic process. The layers 106 may be applied using a variety of suitable techniques, including spin coating. The thickness of the various dielectric layers can vary widely in accordance with the needs of a particular application and the different layers do not need to have the same thickness (although they may have the same thickness).

The integrated circuits 114 within package 100 can be arranged in a wide variety of ways and may be placed at almost any location within the package. By way of example, different integrated circuits 114 may be positioned in different photo-imageable layers and/or within the same layer. In various embodiments, the integrated circuits 114 can be stacked, positioned side-by-side, placed in close proximity to one another and/or be separated by a substantial distance relative to the overall size of package 100. Integrated circuits positioned in different layers may be positioned directly or partially over one another or they may be separated such that they do not overlie one another. Integrated circuits 114 can also have a variety of different form factors, architectures and configurations. For example, they may take the form of relatively bare dice (e.g., unpackaged dice, flip chips etc.), partially and/or fully packaged dice (e.g., BGAs, LGAs, QFNs, etc.)

The electrical interconnects within the package 100 may be arranged in a wide variety of different ways as well. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 includes two interconnect (trace) layers 122 a and 122 b. More or fewer interconnect layers are possible in different implementations. Each interconnect layer typically has at least one (but typically many) traces 123 that are used to help route electrical signals between different components of the package. The interconnect layers 122 are generally formed on top of an associated one of the planarized dielectric layers 106. The trace layer is then buried or covered by the next dielectric layer. Thus, the interconnect layers generally extend in planes that are parallel with and embedded within the dielectric layers.

Since the interconnect layers (and potentially other components of the package) are formed on top of a dielectric layer, it is desirable for the dielectric layers 106 to have a very flat and hard surface upon which other components (e.g. traces, passive components, etc.) may be formed or discrete components (e.g. ICs) may be mounted. SU8 is particularly well suited for this application because it readily self-planarizes when applied using conventional spin-on coating techniques and it is very hard when cured. Indeed, spun on SU8 can be used to form a hard flat surface that does not require any additional planarizing (e.g., chemical mechanical polishing) before a high quality interconnect layer is formed thereon using conventional sputtering/electroplating techniques. Dielectric materials that can be applied in this manner to form a very flat surface are referred to herein as planarizing dielectrics.

Electrically conductive vias 125 are provided to electrically connect components (e.g., ICs/traces/contacts/passive components, etc.) that reside at different layers of the package. The vias 125 are arranged to extend through an associated dielectric layer 106. By way of example, the vias 125 may be used to couple traces from two different interconnect layers together; a die or another component to an interconnect layer; a contact to a trace, die or other component, etc. As will be described in more detail below, metalized vias may be formed at the same time that an associated interconnect layer 122 is deposited by filling via openings that were earlier formed in an associated dielectric layer 106.

Package 100 can include many other types of devices than the ones illustrated in FIG. 1. In the illustrated embodiment, only several integrated circuits and interconnect layers are shown. Package 100, however, can also contain almost any number of active and/or passive devices. Examples of such active and/or passive devices includes resistors, capacitors, magnetic cores, MEMS devices, sensors, cells (e.g., encapsulated lithium or others), integrated thin film battery structures, inductors, etc. These devices can be positioned and/or stacked in various locations within package 100. The components may take the form of prefabricated discrete components or may be formed in-situ. One advantage of the lithography-based process used to create package 100 is that these and other components can be formed in-situ during the layered formation of the package. That is, while prefabricated, discrete components can be placed in almost any position within package 100, components can also be fabricated directly onto any photo-imageable layer 106 using any suitable technique, such as conventional sputtering and/or electroplating. Due to the nature of this fabrication process, superior matching, precision and control can be achieved and low stress packaging is possible over various die and/or substrate sizes, including medium and large ones.

The substrate 102 may be made of any suitable material, including silicon, glass, steel, G10-FR4, any other FR4 family epoxy, etc. In some embodiments, the substrate is used only as a carrier during fabrication and is accordingly removed before the package is completed. In other embodiments, the substrate remains an integral part of the package. If desired, the substrate 102 may be thinned after assembly by backgrinding or other suitable techniques. In still other embodiments, the substrate may be omitted entirely.

In some embodiments, the substrate 102 can integrate one or more sensors (not shown.) This approach enables the integration of sensor components without the packaging and reliability concerns often associated with the sensor's requirements to be exposed to the environment. Sensors can be mounted on either side of the substrate 102 and can be embedded or exposed to the environment through etched windows or micro-channels. Examples of suitable sensors include but are not limited to biosensors, sensors for gas, chemical, electromagnetic, acceleration, vibration, temperature, humidity etc.

One approach is to integrate a sensing element into the backside of the substrate 102. The sensing element can be built inside a deep cavity in the substrate 102 that has been etched from the backside of the substrate 102. For example the sensing element may be a capacitor made from electroplated Cu fingers. The capacitor can be connected with contact pads on the frontside of the substrate 102 through micro-vias. Package 100 can be formed over these contact pads such that the capacitor is electrically coupled with at least some of the electrical devices and interconnect layers within package 100. The sensing element inside the cavity that is created on the backside of the wafer can be filled with the gas sensitive material and can be automatically exposed to the environment, while the active circuitry on the frontside of substrate 102 can be protected by conventional encapsulation techniques, such as those discussed below in connection with FIG. 5E.

Package 100 also includes a system for dissipating internally generated heat, which can include thermal pipes and heat sinks, such as heat sink 104. Such a system can play an important role in the performance of the package 100, because packages with high power densities and multiple embedded devices may need to have good heat dissipation to function properly. The thermal pipes and heat sinks are generally formed at substantially the same time and using the same techniques as the interconnect layers 122. Such thermal pipes can penetrate and/or wind through one or more interconnect layers and/or photoimageable layers. Any single, continuous thermal pipe, trace and/or via can branch off into multiple other traces and/or vias at almost any point and can extend in more than one direction, such as laterally and/or vertically within the package. The thermal pipes can thermally couple virtually any device within the package 100 with one or more heat dissipation pads and/or heat sinks located on the exterior of the package 100.

The heat sink 104 can have a variety of different architectures. In the illustrated embodiment heat sink 104 forms a layer having a footprint that substantially matches the footprint of the photo-imageable layers of package 100. Alternatively, the package 100 could include one or more heat sinks whose dimensions at least partly match those of an overlying or underlying active device, such as an integrated circuit. In the illustrated embodiment, the heat sink takes the form of a layer or sheet 104 formed over the substrate and forms a base for the dielectric layers 106. If desired, integrated circuits 104 can be mounted directly on the heat sink layer as illustrated by integrated circuit 114(a). Alternatively, thermally conductive vias (not shown) may be used to improve the thermal path between a buried integrated circuit and the heat sink as illustrated by integrated circuit 114(b). In some embodiments, the heat sink(s) or heat sink layer(s) are exposed on a top or bottom surface of the package. In others, a substrate or other layer may cover the heat sink(s) or heat sink layers such that the heat sinks function as heat spreaders. The heat sink(s) 104 may be made of a variety of suitable conductive materials, such as copper and may be formed in the same manner as the interconnect layers.

Various embodiments of the package 100 can incorporate a variety of other features as well. For example, package 100 can incorporate high voltage (HV) isolation and an embedded inductive galvanic capability. It can feature wireless interfaces e.g., RF antennas for wireless system 10, EM power scavenging, RF shielding for EMI sensitive application, etc. In various embodiments, package 100 can include power management subsystems e.g., superchargers, integrated photovoltaic switches etc. The package 100 could be formed on a wafer and encapsulated e.g., as shown in FIG. 5E. Sensing surfaces and materials can be integrated into other processing steps for the package 100 and the wafer e.g., as discussed above and in connection with FIGS. 5A-5H, 6A-6C and 7A-7C.

Referring next to FIG. 2, a wafer level method 200 for forming integrated circuit package 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described. The steps of method 200 are illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3L. The steps of method 200 may be repeated and/or performed out of the illustrated order. It should be noted that the process depicted in method 200 may be used to concurrently form many structures other than those shown in FIGS. 3A-3L.

Initially, in step 202 of FIG. 2, an optional conductive layer 104 of FIG. 3A is formed over a substrate 102 using any of a variety of suitable techniques. By way of example, sputtering of a seed layer followed by conventional electroplating works well. Of course other suitable conductive layer formation techniques may be used as well. The conductive layer 104 functions as a heat sink and may be made of various materials, such as copper or other appropriate metals or metal layer stacks. The substrate 102 may be a wafer and can be made of a variety of suitable materials, such as silicon, G10-FR4, steel, glass, plastic, etc.

In FIG. 3B, a layer of planarizing, photo-imageable epoxy 106 a is deposited over the heat sink 104 (step 204 of FIG. 2). This can be done using a variety of techniques, such as spin coating, spray coating or sheet lamination. In the illustrated embodiment, the epoxy layer 106 a is SU-8, although other appropriate dielectric materials may be used. SU-8 is well suited for applications using conventional spin-on coating techniques.

SU-8 has various advantageous properties. It is a highly viscous, photo-imageable, chemically inert polymer that can solidify when exposed to UV radiation, for example, during a photolithographic process. SU-8 provides greater mechanical strength relative to some other known photoresists, is resistant to overpolishing and is mechanically and thermally stable at temperatures up to at least 300° C. It planarizes easily and evenly using spin coating relative to certain other photo-imageable materials such as BCB, which allows it to be readily used as a base upon which interconnects or passive components may be fabricated, and upon which integrated circuits or other passive components may be mounted. It can readily be used to create dielectric layers with thicknesses in the range of 1 um to 250 um and both thinner and thicker layers are possible. In particular embodiments, openings can be formed in SU-8 having high aspect ratios (e.g. approximately 5:1 or greater) which facilitates the formation of components such as conductive vias or other structures with high aspect ratios. By way of example, aspect ratios of 7:1 are readily obtainable. Relative to many other materials, superior control, precision and matching can be achieved with SU-8 layers, which can result in higher densities and improved performance. Other suitable dielectric materials with one or more of the above characteristics may also be used in place of SU-8.

In step 206 of FIG. 2, epoxy layer 106 a is patterned using conventional photolithographic techniques. In one embodiment, a mask is used to selectively expose portions of the epoxy layer 106 a. The exposure can be followed by a baking operation. These operations can cause the exposed portions of the epoxy layer 106 a to crosslink. During the photolithographic process, exposed portions of epoxy layer 106 a may be cured, partially cured (e.g., B-staged) or otherwise altered or hardened relative to the unexposed portions to facilitate later removal of unexposed portions of the epoxy.

In step 208 of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3C, unexposed portions of the epoxy layer 106 a are removed to form one or more openings 306 in the epoxy layer 106 a. This removal process can be performed in a variety of ways. For example, the epoxy layer 106 a can be developed in a developer solution, resulting in the dissolution of the unexposed portions of the layer 106 a. A hard bake can be performed after the developing operation.

In step 210 of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3D, an integrated circuit 114 a is placed in opening 306 and mounted on the heat sink 104. The integrated circuit 114 a may be configured in a variety of ways. For example, the integrated circuit 114 a may be a bare or flip chip die, could have a BGA, LGA and/or other suitable pinout configuration. In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness of the integrated circuit 114 a is greater than the thickness of the epoxy layer 106 a in which it is initially embedded, although in other embodiments, the die may be substantially the same thickness, or thinner than the epoxy layer in which it is initially embedded. The active face of the integrated circuit 114 a may face up or down. In particular embodiments, the integrated circuit 114 a may be attached and thermally coupled to heat sink 104 using an adhesive.

After the integrated circuit 114 a has been positioned in opening 306 and attached to the heat sink, a second layer of epoxy 106 b is applied over the integrated circuit 114 a and the epoxy layer 106 a (step 204 of FIG. 2) as illustrated in FIG. 3E. Like the first epoxy layer 106 a, the second epoxy layer 106 b may be deposited using any suitable method, such as spin coating. In the illustrated embodiment, epoxy layer 106 b is directly over, immediately adjacent to and/or in direct contact with integrated circuit 114 a and epoxy layer 106 a, although other arrangements are possible. The epoxy layer 106 b may completely or partially cover the active surface of integrated circuit 114 a.

After epoxy layer 106 b has been applied, it is patterned and developed using any suitable techniques (steps 206 and 208), which would typically be the same techniques used to pattern the first epoxy layer 106 a. In the illustrated embodiment, via openings 312 are formed over integrated circuit 114 a to expose I/O bond pads (not shown) on the active surface of integrated circuit 114 a. The resulting structure is illustrated in FIG. 3F.

After any appropriate via openings 312 have been formed, a seed layer 319 is deposited over openings 312 and epoxy layer 106 b, as shown in FIG. 3G. The seed layer 319 can be made of various suitable materials, including a stack of sequentially applied sublayers (e.g., Ti, Cu and Ti) and can be deposited using a variety of processes (e.g., by sputtering a thin metal layer on the exposed surfaces.) A feature of the described approach is that the sputtered seed layer tends to coat all exposed surfaces including the sidewalls and bottoms of via openings 312. The deposition of seed layer 319 can also be limited to just a portion of the exposed surfaces.

In FIG. 3H, a photoresist 315 is applied over the seed layer 319. The photoresist 315, which can be positive or negative, covers seed layer 319 and fills openings 312. In FIG. 3I, the photoresist is patterned and developed to form open regions 317 that expose the seed layer 319. The open areas are patterned to reflect the desired layout of the interconnect layer, including any desired conductive traces and heat pipes, and any vias desired in the underlying epoxy layer 106(b). After the desired open areas have been formed, the exposed portions of the seed layer are then electroplated to form the desired interconnect layer structures. In some embodiments, a portion of the seed layer (e.g., Ti) is etched prior to electroplating. During electroplating, a voltage is applied to seed layer 319 to facilitate the electroplating of a conductive material, such as copper, into the open regions 317. After the interconnect layer has been formed, the photoresist 315 and the seed layer 319 in the field is then stripped.

As a result, interconnect layer 122 a is formed over the epoxy layer 106 b, as illustrated in FIG. 3J (step 212). The aforementioned electroplating served to fill the via opening with metal thereby forming metal vias 313 in the spaces formerly defined by the via openings. The metal vias 313 may be arranged to electrically couple the I/O pads of the integrated circuit 114 a with corresponding traces 316 of interconnect layer 122 a. Because seed layer 319 has been deposited on both the sidewalls and bottoms of openings 312, the conductive material accumulates substantially concurrently on the sidewalls and the bottoms, resulting in the faster filling of openings 312 than if the seed layer were coated only on the bottom of openings 312.

Although not shown in epoxy layers 106 a and 106 b, other vias can also be formed all the way through one or more epoxy layers to couple components (e.g. traces, passive devices, external contact pads, ICs, etc. together). In still other arrangements conductive vias may be formed between a surface of a bottom (or other) surface of an integrated circuit and the heat sink layer 104 to provide a good thermal conduction path to the heat sink even when the metallization is not used for its current carrying capabilities. In general, interconnect layer 122 a can have any number of associated traces and metal vias and these conductors can be routed in any manner appropriate for electrically coupling their associated package components.

It is noted that a particular sputtering/electro-deposition process has been described that is well suited for forming traces over and vias within an associated epoxy layer 106 at substantially the same time. However, it should be appreciated that a variety of other conventional or newly developed processes may be used to form the vias and traces either separately or together.

After the interconnect layer 122 a has been formed, steps 204, 206, 208, 210 and/or 212 can generally be repeated in any order that is appropriate to form additional epoxy layers, interconnect layers, and to place or form appropriate components therein or thereon to form a particular package 100 such as the package illustrated in FIG. 3K. By way of example, in the illustrated embodiment additional epoxy layers 106 c-106 f are applied over layer 106 b (effectively by repeating step 204 as appropriate). Integrated circuits 114 b and 114 c are embedded within epoxy layers 106 d and 106 e (steps 206, 208 and 210). Another interconnect layer 122 b is formed within top epoxy layer 106 f (steps 206, 208 and 212) and so on.

It should be appreciated that integrated circuits and interconnect layers in package 100 may be arranged in a variety of ways, depending on the needs of a particular application. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the active faces of some integrated circuits are stacked directly over one another (e.g., integrated circuits 114 a and 114 b). Some integrated circuits are embedded within the same epoxy layer or layers (e.g., integrated circuits 114 b and 114 c.) Integrated circuits may be embedded in epoxy layers that are distinct from epoxy layers in which interconnect layers are embedded (e.g., interconnect layer 318 a and electrical circuits 114 a and 114 b). (“Distinct” epoxy layers means layers where each layer is deposited in a single, cohesive coat in a sequence with the other layers, as is the case with epoxy layers 106 a-106 e.) Integrated circuits may be stacked over and/or situated in close proximity to one another. Integrated circuits may also be electrically coupled via electrical interconnect layers, vias and/or traces that extend substantially beyond the immediate vicinity or profile of any single integrated circuit (e.g., integrated circuits 114 b and 114 c).

In step 214 of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3L, optional external contact pads 120 can be added to a top surface of package 100. The external contact pads 120 may be placed on other surfaces and formed in a variety of ways. For example, top epoxy layer 106 f may be patterned and developed using the techniques described above to expose portions of electrical interconnect layer 122 b. Any suitable metal, such as copper, may be electroplated into the holes on epoxy layer 106 f to form conductive vias and external contact pads 120. As a result, at least some of the external contact pads 120 can be electrically coupled with electrical interconnect layers 122 a-122 b and/or integrated circuits 114 a-114 c.

The features of package 100 may be modified in a variety of ways. For example, it could contain more or fewer integrated circuits and/or interconnect layers. It could also contain multiple additional components, such as sensors, MEMS devices, resistors, capacitors, thin film battery structures, photovoltaic cells, RF wireless antennas and/or inductors. In some embodiments, substrate 102 is background away or otherwise discarded. Substrate 102 may have any suitable thickness. By way of example, thicknesses in the range of approximately 100 to 250 um work well for many applications. The thickness of the package 100 may vary widely. By way of example, thicknesses in the range of 0.5 to 1 mm work well in many applications. The thickness of electrical interconnect layers 122 a and 122 b may also widely vary with the needs of a particular application. By way of example, thicknesses of approximately 50 microns are believed to work well in many applications.

FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the present invention. Similar to package 100 of FIG. 1, package 400 of FIG. 4A includes integrated circuits 401 and 403, epoxy layers 410 and multiple interconnect layers. Package 400 also includes some additional optional features that are not shown in package 100.

For example, package 400 features an integrated circuit 401 that is thermally coupled with a heat sink 402. In the illustrated embodiment, some of the dimensions of heat sink 402 are substantially similar to those of the thermally coupled device. In particular embodiments, heat sink 402 may be larger or smaller than its underlying device. Heat sink 402 may be positioned on and/or be in direct contact with a top or bottom surface of the integrated circuit 401. It may have direct access to an external surface of package 400 (as is the case in the illustrated embodiment), or be connected to the external surface via one or more thermal vias. Heat sink 402 can be thermally coupled with a conductive layer, such as layer 104 of FIG. 1. In a preferred embodiment in which the epoxy layers 410 are made of SU-8, having a heat sink 402 directly below integrated circuit 401 can be particularly helpful, since heat does not conduct well through SU-8.

Package 400 also features various passive components, such as inductors 406 and 408, resistor 404 and capacitor 407. These passive components may be situated in any epoxy layer or location within package 400. They may be formed using a variety of suitable techniques, depending on the needs of a particular application. For example, inductor windings 412 and inductor cores 410 a and 410 b can be formed by depositing conductive material and ferromagnetic material, respectively, over at least one of the epoxy layers 410. Thin-film resistors may be formed by sputtering or applying any suitable resistive material, such as silicon chromium, nickel chromium and/or silicon carbide chrome, over one of the epoxy layers 410. Capacitors can be formed by sandwiching a thin dielectric layer between metal plates deposited over one or more epoxy layers. Prefabricated resistors, inductors and capacitors may be placed on one or more epoxy layers 410 as well. Conductive, ferromagnetic and other materials can be deposited using any suitable method known in the art, such as electroplating or sputtering.

Package 400 also includes optional BGA-type contact pads 411 on frontside surface 416. Because of the location of the contact pads 410, substrate 414 can be made of various materials, such as G10-FR4, steel or glass. In particular embodiments where the contact pads are on the backside surface 418, the substrate 414 can be made of silicon and feature through vias that enable electrical connections with the contact pads. In another embodiment, the substrate is primarily used as a building platform to form the package 400 and is ultimately ground off.

FIG. 4B illustrates another embodiment of the present invention, which has many of the features illustrated in FIG. 4A. This embodiment includes additional components, including precision trim-able capacitor 430 and resistor 432, micro-relay 434, low cost configurable, precision passive feedback network 436, FR-4 mount 438, and photovoltaic cell 440. Cell 440 could be covered with a layer of transparent material, such as transparent SU-8. In other embodiments, photovoltaic cell 440 could be replaced by a windowed gas sensor, a wireless phased antenna array, a heat sink or another suitable component. Package 400 can include many additional structures, including a power inductor array, a RF capable antenna, thermal pipes and external pads for dissipating heat from the interior of the package 100.

FIGS. 4C and 4D illustrate two other embodiments having thermal pipes. FIG. 4B illustrates a package 479 that includes an integrated circuit 486 embedded in multiple layers of planarizing, photoimageable epoxy 480. Metal interconnects 484 are coupled with bond pads (not shown) on the active surface of the integrated circuit 486. The backside of the integrated circuit 486 is mounted onto a thermal pipe 488, which includes thermal trace 488 a and thermal vias 488 b. Thermal pipe 488 is made of any suitable material that conducts heat well, such as copper. As indicated by the dotted line 489, heat from the integrated circuit 486 is routed through the backside of the integrated circuit 486, around thermal trace 488 a and up through thermal vias 488 b, so that the heat is ventilated through the external top surface of the package 479. The embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4B can be fabricated using various techniques, such as the ones discussed in connection with FIGS. 3A-3K.

FIG. 4D illustrates another embodiment of the present invention. The embodiment includes an integrated circuit 114 a whose bottom surface is thermally coupled with thermal pipes 470. Thermal pipes 470 are made from a thermally conductive material, such as copper, and transmit heat from the integrated circuit 114 a to external heat ventilation sites 472 of package 100. Heat dissipation can pose a problem for packages with multiple integrated devices and high power densities. Thermal pipes 470, which can be coupled with one or more devices within package 100, allow internally generated heat to be transported to one or more external surfaces of package 100. In FIG. 4C, for example, heat is conducted away from the integrated circuit 114 a to heat ventilation sites 472 on the top, bottom and multiple side surfaces of package 100, although heat ventilation sites can be located on almost any location on the exterior of the package 100.

Heat sinks can also be mounted on the top, bottom, side and/or almost any external surface of the package 100. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, heat spreader 101, which is on the bottom surface of package 100, is thermally coupled with thermal pipes 470 and dissipates heat over the entire bottom surface area of package 100. In one embodiment, all of the thermal pipes in the package 100, which are thermally coupled with multiple embedded integrated circuits, are also coupled with heat spreader 101. In a variation on this embodiment, some of the thermal pipes are also coupled with a heat sink located on the top surface of the package 100. Thermal pipes 470 can be formed using processes similar to those used to fabricate interconnect layers 122. They can be coupled with multiple passive and/or active devices within package 100 and can extend in almost any direction within package 100. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, thermal pipes 470 extend both parallel and perpendicular to some of the planes formed by the photoimageable layers 106. As shown in FIG. 4C, thermal pipes 470 can include thermal traces 470 b and 470 d and/or vias 470 a and 470 c that penetrate one or more interconnect layers 122 and/or photoimageable layers 106. The thermal pipes 470 can be configured to dissipate heat, conduct electrical signals, or both. In one embodiment, an interconnect layer for transmitting electrical signals and a thermal pipe that is not suitable for transmitting electrical signals are embedded within the same epoxy layer.

Another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 4E. Package arrangement 450 includes a microsystem 452 formed on the top surface 460 of substrate 456. Microsystem 452 may include multiple dielectric layers, interconnect layers, active and/or passive components and can have any of the features described in connection with package 100 of FIG. 1 and/or package 400 of FIG. 4A. Microsystem 452 and top surface 460 of substrate 465 are encapsulated in molding material 464, which may be made of any suitable material, such as a thermosetting plastic. Multiple metallic vias 458 electrically couple external pads (not shown) on the bottom of microsystem 452 with the bottom surface 461 of substrate 456. The vias 458 terminate at optional solder balls 462, which can be made from various conductive materials. Solder balls 462 may be mounted on, for example, a printed circuit board to enable electrical connections between microsystem 452 and various external components.

FIGS. 5A-5J illustrate cross-sectional views of a wafer level process for building a package similar to arrangement 450 of FIG. 4D. FIG. 5A depicts a wafer 500 with a top surface 502 and a bottom surface 504. Only a small portion of wafer 500 is shown. The dotted vertical lines indicate projected scribe lines 508. In the illustrated embodiment, substrate 500 can be made of a variety of suitable materials, such as silicon.

In FIG. 5B, the top surface 502 of wafer 500 is etched to form holes 506. This etching process may be performed using a variety of techniques, such as plasma etching. Afterwards, metal is deposited into the holes to form an electrical system. This deposition may be performed using any suitable method, such as electroplating. For example, a seed layer (not shown) may be deposited over top surface 502 of wafer 500. The seed layer may then be electroplated with a metal such as copper. The electroplating process can produce metal vias 510 and contact pads 512 on the top surface 502 of wafer 500.

In FIG. 5D, microsystems 513 are formed on the top surface 502 of wafer 500 using steps similar to those described in connection with FIGS. 2 and 3A-3L. In the illustrated embodiment, microsystems 513 do not have external contact pads formed on their top surfaces 515, as the top surfaces 515 will be overmolded in a later operation. In another embodiment, external contact pads are formed on top surfaces 515 to enable wafer level functional testing prior to overmolding. Microsystems 513 have external contact regions on their bottom surfaces 517, which are aligned with the contact pads 512 on the top surface 502 of wafer 500. This facilitates an electrical connection between the metal vias 510 and the interconnect layers within the microsystems 513.

In FIG. 5E, a suitable molding material 520 is applied over the microsystems 513 and the top surface 502 of the wafer 500. The molding process can be performed using a variety of suitable techniques and materials. As a result, a molded wafer structure 522 is formed. In some designs, the molding material 520 completely covers and encapsulates microsystems 513 and/or the entire top surface 502. The application of molding material 520 may provide additional mechanical support for microsystems 513, which may be useful when microsystems 513 are large.

FIG. 5F depicts molded wafer structure 522 after the bottom surface 504 of wafer 500 has been partially removed using any of a range of suitable techniques, such as backgrinding. As a result, portions of metal vias 510 are exposed. In FIG. 5G, solder balls 524 are applied to the exposed portions of metal vias 510. In FIG. 5H, the molded wafer structure 522 is then singulated along projected scribe lines 508 to create individual package arrangements 526. The singulation process can be performed using a variety of appropriate methods, such as sawing or laser cutting.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate cross-sectional views of a wafer level process for building a package according to another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6A shows a substrate 600 prefabricated with through holes 602. FIG. 6B illustrates the deposition of metal into the holes 602 to form metal vias 604. The deposition of metal can be performed using any suitable technique, such as electroplating. In some embodiments, the substrate 600 comes prefabricated with through holes 602 and/or metal vias 604, thus eliminating one or more processing steps. In FIG. 6C, microsystems 606 are formed over the metal vias 604 and the substrate 600 using any of the aforementioned techniques. Afterward, solder bumping and singulation can be performed, as shown in FIGS. 5G and 5H. The illustrated embodiment can include various features like those described in connection with FIGS. 5A-5H.

FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate cross-sectional views of a wafer level process for building a package according to another embodiment of the present invention. Initially, a substrate 700 is provided. Copper pads 702 are then formed over the top surface of the substrate 700. In FIG. 7B, microsystems 704 are formed over copper pads 702 and substrate 700 using any of the aforementioned techniques. The microsystems 704 and the top surface of the substrate 700 are then encapsulated in a suitable molding material 706. The substrate 700 is then entirely ground away or otherwise removed in FIG. 7C. Afterward, solder bumps can be attached to copper pads 702. The illustrated embodiment can include various features like those described in connection with FIGS. 5A-5H.

Although only a few embodiments of the invention have been described in detail, it should be appreciated that the invention may be implemented in many other forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the present embodiments should be considered as illustrative and not restrictive and the invention is not limited to the details given herein, but may be modified within the scope and equivalents of the appended claims. 

1. A wafer level method for packaging integrated circuits, the method comprising: sequentially depositing layers of epoxy over a substrate to form a multiplicity of planarized layers of epoxy over the substrate, the epoxy layers including a first epoxy layer and a second epoxy layer, wherein the epoxy layers are deposited by spin coating, there being a topmost epoxy layer; photolithographically patterning at least one of the epoxy layers after the at least one of the epoxy layers is deposited and before the next epoxy layer is deposited; forming openings in the at least one of the epoxy layers after the at least one of the epoxy layers is patterned and before the next epoxy layer is deposited; placing an integrated circuit within an associated one of the openings, wherein the integrated circuit has a plurality of I/O bond pads and at least one of the epoxy layers is deposited after the placement of the integrated circuit to thereby cover the integrated circuit; forming at least one conductive interconnect layer, wherein each interconnect layer is formed over an associated epoxy layer; forming a first passive component within at least one of the multiplicity of epoxy layers, wherein the first passive component is electrically coupled with the integrated circuit via at least one of the interconnect layers, wherein the formation of the first passive component comprises: sputtering a ferromagnetic material on one of the sequentially deposited epoxy layers to form a magnetic core; depositing one of the sequentially deposited epoxy layers on the magnetic core; and sputtering a conductive material on the epoxy layer deposited over the magnetic core to form an inductor winding configured to be magnetically coupled with the magnetic core, wherein the first passive component is an inductor that includes the magnetic core and the inductor winding and wherein the first passive component is embedded at least in the first epoxy layer; forming a second passive component, wherein the second passive component does not directly overlie the first passive component and is positioned within an epoxy layer selected from a group consisting of the first epoxy layer and the second epoxy layer, the second epoxy layer being distinct from the first epoxy layer, wherein the second passive component is electrically coupled to at least one of the interconnect layers; and forming a multiplicity of external package contacts, wherein the integrated circuit is electrically connected to a plurality of the external package contacts at least in part through at least one of the conductive interconnect layers.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a part of the formation of the first passive component is performed substantially concurrently with at least a part of the formation of one of the interconnect layers.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the second passive component is one of a group consisting of: a resistor, a capacitor, an inductor, a magnetic core, a MEMs device, a sensor and a photovoltaic cell.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein the second passive component is a thin film resistor and the formation of the second passive component is performed by sputtering a conductive metal over at least one of the epoxy layers to form the thin film resistor.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the second passive component is a capacitor and the formation of the second passive component includes forming metal layers and a dielectric layer such that the dielectric layer is sandwiched between the first and second metal layers.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the second passive component is a magnetic core and the formation of the second passive component includes sputtering a ferromagnetic material on at least one of the epoxy layers to form the magnetic core.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein: the substrate has a first surface and an opposing second surface; the stacked epoxy layers are deposited over the first surface of the substrate; and the method comprising: etching the second surface of the substrate to form a cavity; electroplating a conductive metal into the cavity to form a capacitor; and forming conductive vias within the substrate such that at least some of the vias are electrically coupled with the capacitor.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein: at least one of the interconnect layers is positioned between the first and second passive components.
 9. The method of claim 1 comprising forming a plurality of micro-modules, wherein: each micro-module is formed by the sequential depositing of the layers of epoxy, the photolithographic patterning of the at least one of the epoxy layers, the forming of openings in the at least one of the epoxy layers, the placing of the integrated circuit, the forming of the at least one interconnect layer, the forming of the first passive component, the forming of the second passive component and the forming of the multiplicity of external package contacts; and at least a portion of each micro-module is formed concurrently with at least a portion of the other micro-modules.
 10. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein: there is a vertical axis and a horizontal axis, the horizontal axis being perpendicular to the vertical axis; the sequential depositing of the epoxy layers is performed along the vertical axis and not along the horizontal axis; and the second passive component does not overlie the first passive component when the second passive component is offset from the first passive component along the horizontal axis.
 11. A wafer level method for packaging integrated circuits, the method comprising: sequentially depositing layers of planarizing, photo-imageable epoxy over a substrate to form a multiplicity of planarized layers of epoxy over the substrate, the planarizing, photo-imageable epoxy layers including a first epoxy layer, a second epoxy layer and a third epoxy layer, wherein the epoxy layers are deposited by spin coating; photolithographically patterning at least one of the epoxy layers after the at least one of the epoxy layers is deposited and before the next epoxy layer is deposited, wherein the photolithographic patterning causes exposed portions of each patterned epoxy layer to at least partially crosslink; forming openings in the at least one of the epoxy layers after the at least one of the epoxy layers is patterned by removing unexposed portions of the patterned epoxy; forming a plurality of conductive interconnect layers, wherein each interconnect layer is formed on an associated epoxy layer and is formed at least in part by electroplating; placing an integrated circuit within an associated one of the openings, wherein the integrated circuit has a plurality of I/O bond pads and at least one of the epoxy layers is deposited after the placement of the integrated circuit to thereby cover the integrated circuit; forming a plurality of conductive vias, wherein each conductive via is associated with an associated interconnect layer and an associated epoxy layer and is formed within an associated one of the openings in the associated epoxy layer and is formed at least in part during the electroplating of the associated interconnect layer; sputtering a conductive material over at least one of the epoxy layers to form at least one thin film resistor; sputtering a ferromagnetic material over at least one of the epoxy layers to form at least one magnetic core; electroplating a conductive material over at least one of the epoxy layers to form at least one inductor winding, wherein each of the at least one thin film resistor, at least one magnetic core and at least one inductor winding is formed between and encapsulated by sequentially deposited layers of epoxy and is electrically coupled with at least one of the interconnect layers; and forming a multiplicity of external package contacts, wherein the integrated circuit is electrically connected to a plurality of the external package contacts at least in part through at least one of the conductive interconnect layers and at least one of the conductive vias.
 12. A wafer level method for packaging integrated circuits, the method comprising: sequentially depositing layers of epoxy over a substrate to form a multiplicity of planarized layers of epoxy over the substrate, the epoxy layers including a first epoxy layer and a second epoxy layer, wherein the epoxy layers are deposited by spin coating, there being a topmost epoxy layer; photolithographically patterning at least one of the epoxy layers after the at least one of the epoxy layers is deposited and before the next epoxy layer is deposited; forming openings in the at least one of the epoxy layers after the at least one of the epoxy layers is patterned and before the next epoxy layer is deposited; placing an integrated circuit within an associated one of the openings, wherein the integrated circuit has a plurality of I/O bond pads and at least one of the epoxy layers is deposited after the placement of the integrated circuit to thereby cover the integrated circuit; forming at least one conductive interconnect layer, wherein each interconnect layer is formed over an associated epoxy layer; forming a first passive component within at least one of the multiplicity of epoxy layers, wherein the first passive component is electrically coupled with the integrated circuit via at least one of the interconnect layers, wherein the formation of the first passive component comprises: depositing a first metal layer on one of the epoxy layers; forming a dielectric layer on the first metal layer; and depositing a second metal layer such that the dielectric layer is sandwiched between the first and second metal layers, wherein the first passive component is a capacitor that includes the first and second metal layers and the dielectric layer and wherein the first passive component is embedded at least in the first epoxy layer; forming a second passive component, wherein the second passive component does not directly overlie the first passive component and is positioned within an epoxy layer selected from a group consisting of the first epoxy layer and the second epoxy layer, the second epoxy layer being distinct from the first epoxy layer, wherein the second passive component is electrically coupled to at least one of the interconnect layers; and forming a multiplicity of external package contacts, wherein the integrated circuit is electrically connected to a plurality of the external package contacts at least in part through at least one of the conductive interconnect layers.
 13. The method as recited in claim 12, wherein: there is a vertical axis and a horizontal axis, the horizontal axis being perpendicular to the vertical axis; the sequential depositing of the epoxy layers is performed along the vertical axis and not along the horizontal axis; and the second passive component does not overlie the first passive component when the second passive component is offset from the first passive component along the horizontal axis. 